Kjetil Nordby

• Simian, Ricardo; Fauske, Jon Erling; Eilertsen, Emilie Berg; Nordby, Kjetil & Gernez, Etienne (2026). Designing Interfaces for the Integration of AI Agents in Maritime Navigation and Control: Potentials, Guidelines, Risks, and Emerging Requirements. In Misra, Sanjay; Kjølerbakken, Kai Morgan & Braarud, Per Øivind (Ed.), International Conference on Human Centric Artificial Intelligence (ICHCAI): First International Conference, ICHCAI 2026. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9798331551186. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1109/ichcai70183.2026.11607647. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The maritime sector is both vast and crucial for society on a global scale. At the same time, it is extremely complex, relies on multiple information flows, operates in constantly changing conditions, integrates hazardous environments, and depends on critical human decision-making informed by all the previous elements. Such an environment arguably constitutes fertile ground for AI-powered optimisation, ranging from warning systems to co-pilot functions to autonomous vessels. These AI integrations would benefit from standard user interface design practices to ensure they are well integrated into mariners’ work. There are potential benefits, as well as risks and challenges, inherent in attempting such an integration. Reviewing these elements informs the requirements for designing the user interfaces for this purpose. This paper discusses the emerging picture of the qualities, conditions, and requirements, as well as the implications of the implemented design decisions.

• Nzongo, Filipe Landu; Gernez, Etienne & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). An eco-feedback framework for user interface design to support maritime decarbonization. International Shipbuilding Progress. ISSN 0020-868X. 72(2), p. 89–121. doi: 10.1177/0020868x261436219. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Decarbonization of the maritime industry requires fostering habits and conditions that enable operators to make energy-conscious decisions. User interface (UI) design can play a key role in developing strategies to enhance user awareness and motivation. Specifically, UI design can implement feedback mechanisms that help users better understand the consequences of their actions on energy consumption. This approach has demonstrated measurable reductions in energy use in domains such as automotive systems and home appliances. However, research on eco-feedback and its implementation through UI design remains limited in the maritime context. We aimed to address this gap by conducting a systematic review of eco-feedback research and developing an eco-feedback framework (EFF) for UI design. We identified 39 strategies for providing feedback on a UI. These strategies were organized and synthesized into a design framework, the EFF. We illustrate the proof of concept of the EFF with a maritime example: a cruise control system that regulates a ship's speed and power use. Finally, we discuss other potential applications of the EFF in UI design research and conclude by highlighting its importance in fostering habits and conditions for energy-conscious decision-making in the maritime industry.

• Wahl, Karoline Sund; Sitompul, Taufik Akbar & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). Assessing Haptic Eco-Feedback in Ship Bridges: A Technology Acceptance Model Study. In Chen, Fan; Zhou, Peipei; Zand, Ramtin; Roohi, Arman & Hu, Jingtong (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9798400725203. p. 54–61. doi: 10.1145/3797248.3815405. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Shipping contributes to almost 3% of global CO2 emissions, and the number is estimated to gradually increase in the future. One effective measure to reduce CO2 emissions is to optimize ship speed and maneuvering to lower hydrodynamic resistance. In this paper, we propose a haptic-feedback prototype that informs seafarers when they are sailing faster than the advised speed or maneuvering too rapidly. Five seafarers participated in a study, where they were asked to complete two scenarios while using the haptic feedback prototype. The data were collected through think-aloud protocols when the participants were completing the scenarios and semi-structured interviews after they completed both scenarios. The interviews were then analyzed using thematic analysis with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the analysis framework. The results indicate that while haptic cues were effective in attracting attention and raised awareness of potential fuel savings, their acceptance is heavily influenced by external variables, such as operational conditions and ships’ technical characteristics. For successful adoption, haptic eco-feedback must be customizable, compatible with existing equipment in ship bridges, and adaptable to various propulsion mechanisms. Furthermore, its potential fuel savings must be rigorously quantified to justify the initial investment.

• Mathur, Sahil; Fauske, Jon Erling; Nordby, Kjetil & Morrison, Andrew (2026). Interaction design contributions to standardisation of navigation icons. International Shipbuilding Progress. ISSN 0020-868X. doi: 10.1177/0020868X261442672. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Mallam, Steven; Nordby, Kjetil; Fauske, Jon Erling; Johansen, Bijan & Sandnes, Borgar Kløve [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). The ROC Architecture Framework for Remote Ship Operations, HUMAN FACTORS IN REMOTE SHIP OPERATIONS. Taylor & Francis. ISSN 9781003586883. doi: 10.4324/9781003586883-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Remote ship operations are becoming a practical reality, driving the need for well-designed user interfaces (UIs) in remote operation centres (ROCs). These UIs

• Oever, Floris Hendrikus Johannes van den; Fjeld, Morten; Nordby, Kjetil & Sætrevik, Bjørn (2025). A virtual reality experiment shows that augmented reality can improve collaboration in ship navigation. Ergonomics. ISSN 0014-0139. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2025.2519874. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  High-quality collaboration is crucial for safety in safety-critical operations such as ship navigation. Presenting key task information in Augmented Reality (AR) could aid collaboration by facilitating Situation Awareness (SA) and communication about SA. A preregistered, forty-participant, between-group experiment was conducted. Participants performed the role of ship bridge lookout in two different navigation scenarios simulated in virtual reality, under two conditions: one with conventional navigation equipment and one with navigation equipment enhanced with AR features. We measured SA, communication about SA, usability, and reflections on AR for ship navigation. SA and the frequency of communication about SA were higher in the AR condition. The AR prototype was judged as usable. Participants indicated advantages and disadvantages of AR for ship navigation and suggested directions for further research and development. These findings suggest that AR can facilitate shared situation awareness and collaboration in safety-critical operations like ship navigation.

• Bassey, Gift; Ebaretonbofa-okonji, Susan; Nordby, Kjetil; Gernez, Etienne & Mallam, Steven (2025). A Systematic Curriculum Review of Ship Energy Efficiency Content Across Global Maritime Education and Training Institutions. Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics International (AHFE International). 186, p. 565–573. doi: 10.54941/ahfe1006546. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The maritime industry is a significant contributor of total energy consumption worldwide and by extension, environmental impact. In the effort to transition towards more sustainable operations, a multifaceted approach is being taken to address energy management issues, new and alternative energy sources from regulatory, technological, and organizational applications. Seafarers, particularly deck officers and marine engineers, play a pivotal role in ship operations, managing and executing missions and onboard systems. The different aspects of energy utilization as related to maritime operations are continuously evolving for better efficiency and reduced impact on the environment therefore the seafarers who operate these systems require updated trainings with new and differing competencies and skillsets to ensure they are prepared for operating and maintaining these different systems. This may include, but not limited to, alternative energy sources, power generation and storage, fuel consumption estimation, energy consumption optimization, route and operation optimization, air pollution and resulting fuel residue. This paper investigates the extent to which maritime education and training (MET) institutions incorporate energy efficiency management into their curricula for seafarers. The primary goal of this paper is to determine the current education content, identify gaps, assess the readiness, and propose a pathway forward for MET institutions to better prepare current and future seafarers to implement energy efficiency strategies onboard ships.The review assessed the current state of training curriculum of deck officers and marine engineers across 69 maritime institutions from around the world which are members of the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU), assessing the integration of energy efficiency management into their marine engineering and nautical science programs. The online curriculum review revealed that 16% of the marine engineering programs included direct references to energy efficiency management, while 58% had no related courses listed. The remaining 22% had potential relevance to energy efficiency through courses on automation, ship design, environmental management; and 4% were related through the description of program results. For nautical science programs, the result showed even less relatable courses to energy efficiency management, with 7% of the reviewed programs including related courses. The majority (71%) had no relevant courses, while 19% were indirectly related through modules on environmental regulation or maritime law and 3% were related through the description of program results. The results of this curriculum review reveal lack of comprehensive energy management courses which may leave future seafarers unprepared to meet industry expectations or regulatory requirements once graduated. The global maritime industry’s regulator, the International Maritime Organization, has developed a number of relevant courses on the topics of climate change and shipping response, energy efficiency regulations and related guidelines, from management to operation, shipboard energy management, ship-port interface and energy efficiency, energy management plans and systems. These courses can serve as a guide for maritime institutions to develop effective modules and educational content on energy efficiency management and imbed more centrally within seafarer curricula. This initial mapping of current MET curricula on energy efficiency topics serves as a basis for further development of education and training program content within our research project to ultimately meet the evolving needs and demands of the industry, while ensuring MET institutions stay relevant and develop well equipped and skilled graduates to enter the industry.

• Oever, Floris Hendrikus Johannes van den; Fjeld, Morten; Orthmann, Bastian; Beek, Abel van; Nordby, Kjetil & Sætrevik, Bjørn (2025). A Field Study of Multi-User Augmented Reality to Facilitate Collaborative Ship Navigation. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors. ISSN 2472-5838. 13(2), p. 137–149. doi: 10.1080/24725838.2025.2477234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Collaboration is crucial in safety-critical operations like ship navigation. Augmented Reality (AR) has the potential to facilitate collaboration through supporting communication, team situation awareness, and team decision-making. Results from our study, based on a prototype test, suggest AR features to facilitate collaboration during ship navigation. Situation awareness can be improved by supporting information gathering, getting an overview of the surroundings, mental mapping between 2D charts and the outside world, and head-up time with point of interest (POI) pins. Multi-user AR can facilitate visual communication for team situation awareness by sharing crosshairs and POI pin highlights. Team decision-making depends on team situation awareness. Other advantages include operator mobility and simplicity. Disadvantages include overreliance, cognitive overload, and medium usability and technology acceptance. AR may be particularly useful in time-critical operations in medium-busy waterways. With further development in accuracy, usability, and unobtrusiveness, AR can facilitate collaboration and increase safety in ship navigation.

• Mallam, Steven C.; Attarzadeh, Amin; Samanta, Akash; Bhattacharjee, Ankan & Nordby, Kjetil (2024). Using Eye-Tracking to Evaluate Novel Augmented Reality Applications for Maritime Operations. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.. ISSN 1071-1813. 68(1), p. 1253–1253. doi: 10.1177/10711813241268744. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents the developments across a multi-year collaborative industry-academia R&D project designing and testing novel Augmented Reality (AR) solutions for differing maritime operations and work tasks. We describe the step-wise approach taken in our Human Factors testing program exploring the effects of AR on maritime operators. This paper focuses specifically on our empirical simulator laboratory experiments using differing data collection designs, tools and operational scenarios to investigate operator Situation Awareness, cognitive workload, performance and usability. Moving from comparatively rudimentary measures using static scenarios, desktop data collections and post hoc video analysis to implementing eye-tracking and automated object identification in dynamic scenarios and full-mission simulated environments, we present an overview of how our testing program has evolved and lessons learned. Further, we discuss ongoing research and future plans to better understand the effects of AR on maritime end-users to implement human-centred solutions more effectively in maritime settings.

• Houweling, Koen Pieter; Mallam, Steven; Merwe, Gertjan Koen Van de & Nordby, Kjetil (2024). The effects of Augmented Reality on operator Situation Awareness and Head-Down Time. Applied Ergonomics. ISSN 0003-6870. 116. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104213. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Fauske, Jon Erling; Gernez, Etienne & Mallam, Steven (2024). A User Interface Design Framework for Augmented-Reality-Supported Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE). 12(3). doi: 10.3390/jmse12030505. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Nordby, Kjetil; Dreyer, Simon Archer Goulden; Burås, Theodor Daniel & Fauske, Jon Erling (2023). How virtual reality is used in industrial maritime design processes: Two case studies. Ocean Engineering. ISSN 0029-8018. 283. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115091. Full text in Research Archive
• Mallam, Steven; Nordby, Kjetil; Merwe, Gertjan Koen Van de; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Nazir, Salman & Veitch, Brian (2022). Empathy from Afar? Towards Empathy for Future Maritime Designers and Remote Operators. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.. ISSN 1071-1813. 66(1), p. 508–512. doi: 10.1177/1071181322661062. Full text in Research Archive
• Strange, Espen & Nordby, Kjetil (2022). Self-Scaling Open Innovation Pathways: Accelerating integration of augmented reality into the maritime sector. RSD5 Symposium Proceedings. ISSN 2371-8404. Full text in Research Archive
• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter & Nordby, Kjetil (2022). Virtual fieldwork on a ship’s bridge: virtual reality-reconstructed operation scenarios as contextual substitutes for fieldwork in design education. Virtual Reality. ISSN 1359-4338. doi: 10.1007/s10055-022-00655-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Houweling, Koen Pieter; Mallam, Steven; Merwe, Gertjan Koen Van de & Nordby, Kjetil (2022). An Approach for Measuring The Effects of Augmented Reality on Human Performance in Maritime Navigation. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.. ISSN 1071-1813. Full text in Research Archive
• Mallam, Steven & Nordby, Kjetil (2021). Supporting Consistent Design and Sensemaking Across Ship Bridge Equipment Through Open Innovation. In Johnsen, Stig Ole & Porathe, Thomas (Ed.), Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations: Human Factors and Design. CRC Press. ISSN 9780367435189. p. 155–171. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A ship’s bridge is a complex work environment that is typically outfitted with a range of equipment supplied from numerous different vendors (Lützhöft & Vu, 2018). Multivendor ship bridge systems (MBS) that merge independent equipment from different vendors can create disparities for navigation crew once all necessary equipment is installed into a single work environment (Nordby, Mallam & Lützhöft, 2019). Navigators must engage with different pieces of equipment located on the bridge of a ship throughout their watch shift to enable successful planning and execution of operations. Thus, the very nature of MBS create circumstances where navigators must interact with equipment having multiple design languages across the many physical and digital inputs and outputs of a bridge (see Figure 10.1). For example, different software systems, even supplied by the same vendor, may have different screen layouts, menu structures, colour combinations, iconography, font style and sizes that vary across equipment. A simple analogy to the inconsistencies of typical MBS are the differences found between using contemporary Mac and Windows PC operating systems. Users must adapt to the individual systems and functionalities in order to successfully complete desired tasks. Poor design increases cognitive demands for users (Woods & Patterson, 2000) and can have negative consequences, particularly in the safety-critical context of operations at sea (Lee & Sanquist, 2000; Mallam, Lundh & MacKinnon, 2015). Poor Graphical User Interface (GUI) design has shown to have negative implications on navigation operations, increasing the potential for making errors, hiding critical information and contributing to accidents and deaths at sea (Kataria, Praetorius, Schröder-Hinrichs & Baldauf, 2015; Mallam, Nordby, Johnsen & Bjørneseth, 2020).

• Mallam, Steven; Nordby, Kjetil; Haavardtun, Per; Nordland, Hanna & Westerberg, Tine Viveka (2021). Shifting Participatory Design Approaches For Increased Resilience. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors. ISSN 2472-5838. 9(2), p. 78–85. doi: 10.1080/24725838.2021.1966131. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Social distancing restrictions imposed by the global outbreak of COVID-19 exposed vulnerabilities in traditional User-Centered Design processes. This paper presents a shift in methodological thinking and deployment of participatory processes toward a more dynamic and resilient approach of user-centered design in a multi-year joint academia-industry design project. We moved beyond an overreliance on resource-intensive formal discrete events – such as in-person design workshops, focus groups, or traditional field studies and observations – toward including more continuous inputs to create a more sustainable and fluid approach within a living lab ecosystem. User-centered data collection methods were organized in a framework across three dimensions of interaction: 1) Communication; 2) Timing; and 3) Presence. Expanding methodological options along these differing dimensions increased opportunities for more diversified inputs and sample recruitment, while increasing overall data and design feedback collected. Lowering participation and knowledge sharing thresholds enabled more continuous, inclusive involvement of key stakeholders throughout design processes.

• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter; Aylward, Katie; Nordby, Kjetil & Eikenes, Jon Olav H. (2021). Development of an Augmented Reality Concept for Icebreaker Assistance and Convoy Operations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE). 9(9). doi: 10.3390/jmse9090996. Full text in Research Archive
• Aylward, Katie; Dahlman, Joakim; Nordby, Kjetil & Lundh, Monica (2021). Using operational scenarios in a virtual reality enhanced design process. Education Sciences. 11(8). doi: 10.3390/educsci11080448. Full text in Research Archive
• Mallam, Steven; Nordby, Kjetil; Johnsen, Stig Ole & Bjørneseth, Frøy Birte (2020). The digitalization of navigation: Examining the accident and aftermath of US Navy destroyer John S. McCain, Damaged Ship V: London, United Kingdom 11 March 2020. Royal Institution of Naval Architects. ISSN 9781911649052. p. 55–63. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Nordby, Kjetil; Eikenes, Jon Olav Husabø & Hareide, Odd Sveinung (2020). A review of augmented reality applications for ship bridges. Necesse. ISSN 2464-353X. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We present a state-of-the art analysis of Augmented Reality (AR) applications for ship bridge operation. We compiled and reviewed what type of use cases were published, what type of maritime applications have been adapted to AR, how they were prototyped and evaluated and what type of technology was used. We also reviewed the user interaction mechanisms, information display and adaptation to maritime environmental conditions. Our analysis shows that although there are many examples of AR applications in ship bridges, there is still much work that needs to be done before these solutions can be suitably adapted to commercial settings. In addition, we argue there is a need to develop design requirements and regulations that can guide the safe development of AR.

• Nordby, Kjetil; Gernez, Etienne; Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter & Eikenes, Jon Olav Husabø (2020). Augmenting OpenBridge: An open user interface architecture for augmented reality applications on ship bridges. In Bertram, Volker (Eds.), 19th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries. Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg. ISSN 9783892207177. p. 180–195. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Mallam, Steven & Lützhöft, Margareta Holtensdotter (2019). Open user interface architecture for digital multivendor ship bridge systems. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). ISSN 1651-436X. 18(2), p. 297–318. doi: 10.1007/s13437-019-00168-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Equipment found on ship bridges rarely offer consistent user interface design across the numerous systems that seafarers interact with. It is well documented in human-computer interaction research that consistency is an important aspect for reducing human error and increasing user ability to efficiently use digital systems. Current workplace regulations and design guidance do not provide a clear path towards interface consistency between different maritime vendors and equipment. Because of this, there is a need to develop new and consistent frameworks for the design of modern ship bridges and their systems. We approach such a problem by asking the following question: How can the organization of ship bridge systems enable consistent user interfaces for multivendor ship bridges? To answer this, we present work from an industry-driven project seeking to regulate the relationships between ship bridge (i) integrators and (ii) system vendors. This paper presents a user interface architecture that systematically distinguishes between system integrators and system vendors. This user interface architecture then applies web development processes and methods that, we argue, establish a framework for increased design consistency. Furthermore, this architecture presents a new path for ship bridge user interface development that adapts current state-of-the-art user interface methodologies to a maritime context. We argue that by implementing the proposed architecture framework the industry can capitalize by saving costs, increasing innovation and improving the quality of ship bridges, thereby optimizing the work environment for seafarers and overall ship safety.

• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter; Eikenes, Jon Olav Husabø & Nordby, Kjetil (2019). Serendipity in the Field. Facilitating serendipity in design-driven field studies on ship bridges. The Design Journal. ISSN 1460-6925. 22(1), p. 1899–1912. doi: 10.1080/14606925.2019.1594948. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Field research requires openness to unforeseen insights and opportunities, especially when designing for complex and dynamic workplaces, such as a ship bridge. In this paper, we investigate how serendipitous outcomes may be facilitated in design-driven field research. We present a case study of two field research trips onboard Arctic-going vessels, during which we investigated the premises of designing augmented reality (AR) systems for navigators. We describe how an explorative and opportunistic mixed-methods approach facilitated serendipity and analyse which specific aspects led to serendipitous outcomes in three examples. Last, we discuss how practical support for designers and design researchers conducting design-driven field research can be developed and suggest how strategies to employ approaches that facilitate serendipity can increase the likelihood and awareness of serendipitous outcomes.

• Nordby, Kjetil; Gernez, Etienne & Mallam, Steven (2019). OpenBridge: Designing for Consistency Across User Interfaces in Multi-Vendor Ship Bridges. In Lützhöft, Margareta Holtensdotter (Eds.), Ergoship 2019. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. ISSN 9788293677048. p. 60–68. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergstrøm, M.; Hirdaris, Spyros; Banda, O. A Valdez; Kujala, P.; Thomas, Giles & choy, K. -L [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Towards holistic performance-based conceptual design of Arctic cargo ships. In Kujala, Pentti & LU, Liangliang (Ed.), Marine Design XIII, Volume 2: Proceedings of the 13th International Marine Design Conference (IMDC 2018), June 10-14, 2018, Helsinki, Finland. CRC Press. ISSN 9781138340763. p. 831–839. Full text in Research Archive
• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter; Nordby, Kjetil & Eikenes, Jon Olav Husabø (2018). Exploring designs of augmented reality systems for ship bridges in arctic waters, The Royal Institution of Naval Architects Human Factors Papers 2018. Royal Institution of Naval Architects. ISSN 9781909024809. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Nordby, Kjetil; Seim, Øyvind; Brett, Per Olaf & Hauge, Rune (2018). Human-centered, collaborative, field-driven design - A case study, IMDC 2018: 13th International Marine Design Conference. CRC Press. ISSN 9781138541870. p. 291–305. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter & Fauske, Jon Erling (2018). Demonstrating a maritime design system for realising consistent design of multi-vendor ship’s bridges, The Royal Institution of Naval Architects Human Factors Papers 2018. Royal Institution of Naval Architects. ISSN 9781909024809. p. 39–47. Full text in Research Archive
• Schønheyder, Jan Fredrik & Nordby, Kjetil (2018). The use and evolution of design methods in professional design practice. Design Studies. ISSN 0142-694X. p. 36–62. doi: 10.1016/j.destud.2018.04.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; børresen, stian & Gernez, Etienne (2016). Efficient Use of Virtual and Mixed Reality in Conceptual Design of Maritime Work Places. In Bertram, Volker (Eds.), 15th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries - COMPIT '16. Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg. ISSN 9783892206903. p. 390–400. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4067.2882. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We present a system that enables real time scanning of human avatars for use in virtual reality supported design processes. The system uses off-the-shelf 3D sensors to generate high-density 3D meshes and high resolution textures of human beings in real-time. Designers can insert real time avatars in virtual scenes using a game engine. Informal preliminary tests of the system, in context of ship bridge design, suggest that the system is capable of enabling effective human-to-human communication in virtual reality supported participatory design.

• Nordby, Kjetil & Morrison, Andrew (2016). Designing calm technology and peripheral interaction for offshore service vessels. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. ISSN 1617-4909. p. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s00779-016-0929-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelseth, Snorre; Morrison, Andrew & Nordby, Kjetil (2015). Design and Computer Simulated User Scenarios: Exploring Real-Time 3D Game Engines and Simulation in the Maritime Sector. International Journal of Design. ISSN 1991-3761. 9(3), p. 63–75. Full text in Research Archive
• Lurås, Sigrun & Nordby, Kjetil (2015). Shaping Designers’ Sea Sense: A Guide for Design-Driven Field Research at Sea. In Ukjent, Ukjent (Eds.), Marine Design 2015. 2-3 September 2015, London. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects. ISSN 9781909024427. p. 53–63. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Nordby, Kjetil & Fauske, Jon Erling (2024). Realizing larger click surfaces for maritime user interfaces using function grouping. Royal Institution of Naval Architects. ISBN 9781911649465. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• lockertsen, hanne; Fauske, Jon Erling; Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). OpenBridge 6.0 Integration System. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1618235021628462305/openbridge-6-0-integration-system. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The OpenBridge integration system describe how multiple applications can be integrated in workplaces. Typically a control room setting or a ships bridge. The system provides consistent navigation, vessel selection, and system controls. It manages context across apps, enables data to be reused through widgets and dashboards, and is designed to scale from single-screen setups to full bridge and fleet monitoring environments.

• Fauske, Jon Erling; lockertsen, hanne; Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). OpenBridge Advice System. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1615843287426735899/openbridge-advice-system. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Within the OpenBridge context, the advice system is a framework designed to provide users with relevant support information for information components such as maritime instruments, bars and graphs. For example, it might display the optimal RPM for an engine or alert limits for a sensor. This guidance can be tailored to various operational goals, such as energy efficiency, safety, or other user-defined objectives.

• Bø, Torstein Aarseth; Jørgensen, Ulrik; Dæhlen, Jon; Fauske, Jon Erling & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). openbridge-webcomponents Public. doi: https:/github.com/Ocean-Industries-Concept-Lab/openbridge-webcomponents. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Versjon 2.0 av OpenBridge Web components bygget på OpenBridge Design System

• Nordby, Kjetil (2026). #84 Bachmann & OpenBridge: From Research to Industrial Implementation. doi: https:/youtu.be/ZY1VO_afnOg?si=A2oBQoaYVYlZQK_F. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How can an open-source design system improve usability, safety and collaboration across the maritime industry? In this episode, Janne Silden speaks with Ronald Epskamp (Bachmann electronic) and Professor Kjetil Nordby (Oslo School of Architecture and Design) about the evolution of OpenBridge: from a Norwegian research initiative to a globally adopted design framework.

• Nordby, Kjetil; Jørgensen, Ulrik & lockertsen, hanne (2026). OpenBridge: Scaling Human-Centered Design for the Next Generation of Shipping. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Ocean Industries Concept Lab (OICL), in collaboration with Bachmann, presents OpenBridge. Modern maritime systems are heavily multi-vendor builds, where equipment from numerous manufacturers is installed side by side. This fragmentation creates a significant problem: operators are forced to navigate and master competing, inconsistent user interface frameworks, increasing cognitive load and the risk of error. OpenBridge solves this problem. As a comprehensive, open-source design system, it offers strict design guidelines, professional design tools, and an open-source code library that enables harmonized, seamless interface design across all vendors. Since its launch in 2022, OpenBridge has been implemented worldwide, and many companies here at SMM are actively showcasing products built on this framework. By standardizing the interface, OpenBridge directly improves the user experience, enhances safety, and maximizes ROI. It simplifies complex cross-vendor integration and drastically increases the speed of digital innovation. This seminar will provide an overview of the system's current status and demonstrate the practical tools now available to the industry. We will cover: • What it is: A deep dive into OpenBridge 6.1, a professional-grade design system for all maritime user interfaces across ship bridges, engine rooms, and Remote Operation Centers (ROCs). This latest release also expands the framework to support zero-emission goals, featuring new templates for Wind Assisted Ship Propulsion (WAPS). • The Open-Source Revolution: An introduction to the newly launched Open-Source Code Library. We will showcase the 200+ ready-to-use web components available on GitHub, designed to slash development costs and time-to-market for maritime vendors. • How to apply it: Step-by-step guidance on implementation—from using the Figma Design Kits for rapid prototyping to integrating the code library with existing systems, or utilizing no-code tools like Bachmann’s Atvise SCADA. • Where it is going: A look at the 2026–2030 roadmap, including OpenZero (UI for energy-conscious operations), OpenRemote (standards for autonomous control), and OpenAutomation (standardizing interfaces across maritime and broader industrial automation).

• Nordby, Kjetil (2026). OpenBridge Royal Code Release. doi: https:/lnkd.in/p/eux5b3ba. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kronprins Haakon og Prins Sverre Magnus besøkte Ocean Industries Concept Lab for å offisielt slippe OpenBridge web components biblioteket bygget på OpenBridge forskning. Leder for Kongsberg gruppen og representanter fra Maritim Robotics, Kongsberg Maritime, Seam og Norwegian Electric System og Ocean Industries Concept Lab presenterte.

• Fauske, Jon Erling & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). OpenBridge – Designing the Multimodal Industrial Workplace. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Unifying digital, physical, and sensory design for fundamentally safer industrial operations. This talk covers the OpenBridge vision of the workspace as a complete, safety-driven operational ecosystem; the operational context of extreme environments, multi-screen setups, and multi-user collaboration; a showcase of advanced instruments built to meet high-stakes operational challenges; and system-wide scalability – unifying everything from software widgets to physical throttle under a single design language.

• Nordby, Kjetil (2026). OpenBridge - En design standard for å styre dem alle. doi: https:/open.spotify.com/episode/6EP92loein8I667cl6dj2B?si=AxSsP_RlShKZID-yNtXsmQ. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hva skjer når et designsystem utviklet for skipbroer begynner å forme kontrollrom, automasjon og produksjonsmiljøer i moderne industri? I denne episoden møter vi professor Kjetil Nordby fra AHO, skaperen av OpenBridge — det åpne designsystemet som over 700 selskaper verden rundt bruker for å forbedre samspillet mellom teknologi og operatør. Sammen med Goodtechs egen UX- og interaksjonsdesign-ekspert Marte Svinø utforsker vi hvordan godt design kan øke sikkerheten, effektiviteten og arbeidsflyten i industrielle kontrollsystemer. Vi snakker om hvorfor interaksjonsdesign er kritisk for både drift, automasjon og operatørrollen – og hvordan bedre design kan påvirke alt fra rekruttering til tryggere arbeidsplasser i industrien.

• Wahl, Karoline Sund; Sitompul, Taufik Akbar & Nordby, Kjetil (2026). Assessing Haptic Eco-Feedback in Ship Bridges: A Technology Acceptance Model Study. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2025). Establishing an Open Design Framework for Remote Operation Centers. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Fauske, Jon Erling; locertsen, hanne & Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen (2025). Workshop for next generation fleet control interface. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Presentations for new frameworks for fleet control.

• Nordby, Kjetil (2025). Open user experience design - The next generation bridge. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Industrial conference talk about how our research lay the ground for next generation adaptive and distributed workplaces.

• Nordby, Kjetil (2025). OpenBridge. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Talk to industry about the work in OpenZero and OpenRemote

• Nordby, Kjetil (2025). Designing for Next-Generation Remote Operation centers. Full text in Research Archive
• Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen; Nordby, Kjetil; lockertsen, hanne & Fauske, Jon Erling (2025). OpenBridge 6.0 Automation Case. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1549727597127372848/openbridge-6-0-automation-case. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The OpenBridge Automation Library extends the OpenBridge Design System with a collection of components tailored for industrial automation. It is designed to support maritime and offshore industries in building interfaces that are safe, consistent, and regulation-ready.

• Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen; lockertsen, hanne; Fauske, Jon Erling & Nordby, Kjetil (2025). OpenBridge 6.0 Application patterns. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1486350615717873940/openbridge-6-0-application-patterns. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This library demonstrates how to use OpenBridge 6.0 components and shows template pages, global menus, scaling and design principles for generic screen sizes. The case is developed using OpenBridge 6.0 Figma libraries and using ikons from the OpenBridge Icon files.

• Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen; lockertsen, hanne; Nordby, Kjetil & Fauske, Jon Erling (2025). OpenBridge 6.0 Small Screen Case. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1484493772517407893/openbridge-6-0-small-screen-case. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is common to install a series of smaller screens in maritime and industrial workplaces. These screens often display focused information from various pieces of equipment. This case is intended to help designers understand how to adapt OpenBridge 6.0 to support these screens. The case primarily showcases display screens and global application components, on screens ranging from 5-8,4”.

• lockertsen, hanne; Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen; Nordby, Kjetil & Fauske, Jon Erling (2025). OpenBridge 6.0 Alert Case. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1486019135013729331/openbridge-6-0-alert-case. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Overview The OpenBridge alert case gives an in-depth description of how to use OpenBridge 6.0 to design alert systems aligning with Bridge Alert Management (BAM) standard. The case includes a proposal for Central Alert Management (CAM), on how to implement alerts in common applications and includes functions such as alert history, blocking and shelfing. The case is relevant for and might be modified to support alert systems in other fields.

• Fauske, Jon Erling & Nordby, Kjetil (2025). OpenBridge 6.0 Maritime Instruments. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1553397820114536880/openbridge-6-0-maritime-instruments. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Maritime instruments represent a wide range of data visualization components associated with general maritime operations. The components are mainly for ships, but can also be used for other systems such as ROVs.

• Fauske, Jon Erling & Nordby, Kjetil (2025). OpenBridge 6.0 AR framework. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1539167811791910040/openbridge-6-0-ar-framework. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  One UI language for real-world targets. The OpenBridge Point of Interest (POI) System is a documentation file showing how to use OpenBridge 6.0 to that makes vessels, AtoNs, locations, people, automation devices, and sensor data addressable and actionable—directly on top of camera, AR, and map views.

• Fauske, Jon Erling; Nordby, Kjetil; lockertsen, hanne & Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen (2025). OpenBridge 6.0. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1468161149546275705/openbridge-design-system-6-0-maritime-industrial-ui-ux-components. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Design system for advances workplaces

• Nordby, Kjetil (2024). OpenBridge research presentation. Full text in Research Archive
• Fauske, Jon Erling; lockertsen, hanne; Lislevand, Sunniva Wildhagen & Nordby, Kjetil (2024). OpenBridge Icon Pack. doi: https:/www.figma.com/community/file/1445713209741917748/openbridge-icon-pack. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Our OpenBridge Icon Pack is a comprehensive collection with over 1500 maritime and industrial icons designed to complement the OpenBridge 6.0 Design System. Built on proven design standards, these icons are crafted to ensure clarity, consistency, and ease of integration into safety-critical and high-stakes operational environments.

• Gernez, Etienne; Fauske, Jon Erling & Nordby, Kjetil (2024). An online, real-time, collaborative, immersive tool for early-phase, operation-centric maritime design. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2024). Embracing open innovation in ROC workplace design. Offshore Magazine. 1, p. 46–46. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2024). Kjetil Nordby about OpenRemote, OpenBridge, AR and VR. [Internet]. Mass World News. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Gernez, Etienne & Mallam, Steven (2023). Developing User Interface Standards for Energy-Conscious and Safe Maritime Operations. Journal of Ocean Technology. ISSN 1718-3200. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2023). Seeing AR through the eyes of a shipmaster. [Internet]. Lsser Focus World. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2023). Lack of UX design regulations for ships’ bridge. [Internet]. Marpro. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Gernez, Etienne & Mallam, Steven (2022). Why digital user interfaces matter for ship owners. HANSA - International Maritime Journa. 09, p. 54–60. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil & Fauske, Jon Erling (2022). OpenBridge Design System. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2022). OpenBridge prosjektet. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2022). Industry hot topics: OpenBridge Design System. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2022). OpenBridge. [Journal]. Teknisk Ukeblad. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2020). Presenting OpenBridge Desing System. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne & Nordby, Kjetil (2019). A 10-day course to plan and execute field studies for maritime design processes (2019 course). Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil & Gernez, Etienne (2019). Why field studies matter in maritime design and how we do them. Medium. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2019). OpenBridge resultater. Full text in Research Archive
• Mallam, Steven & Nordby, Kjetil (2019). Harmonising maritime workplace design through collaboration, new technologies and open innovation. [Journal]. The Naval Architect. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil; Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter & Fauske, Jon (2018). Demonstrating a maritime design system for realising consistent design of multi-vendor ship’s bridges. Full text in Research Archive
• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter; Hareide, Odd Sveinung & Nordby, Kjetil (2018). Feltstudier for design av utvidet virkelighetsteknologi i navigasjon. Necesse. ISSN 2464-353X. 3(2), p. 67–70. Full text in Research Archive
• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter; Nordby, Kjetil & Eikenes, Jon Olav Husabø (2018). Exploring designs of augmented reality systems for ship bridges in arctic waters. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne & Nordby, Kjetil (2018). A 10-day course to plan and execute field studies for maritime design processes (2018 course). Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Nordby, Kjetil; Seim, Øyvind; Brett, Per Olaf & Hauge, Rune (2018). Human-centered, collaborative, field-driven design - a case study. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2018). Åpen systemarkitektur for helhetlig og brukervennlig integrasjon av multileverandør brosystemer. Full text in Research Archive
• Fauske, Jon & Nordby, Kjetil (2018). Openbridge demonstrator. Full text in Research Archive
• Eikenes, Jon Olav Husabø & Nordby, Kjetil (2018). AR on the bridge. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2018). OpenBridge Design System kickoff presentasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2018). Helhetlig design for multileverandør skipsbroer. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2017). Interaksjonsarkitektur for Openbridge. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2017). Openbridge introduction. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2017). Åpen innovasjon og helhetlig brukeropplevelse på skipsbroer. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil & Gernez, Etienne (2017). A 10-day course to plan and execute field studies for maritime design processes. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2015). Effektiv innovasjon med felles grensesnittplattform for e-navigasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil & Lurås, Sigrun (2015). Multimodal interaction for marine workplaces used as strategy to limit effect of situational impairment in demanding maritime operations. Full text in Research Archive
• Lurås, Sigrun & Nordby, Kjetil (2015). Shaping Designers’ Sea Sense: A Guide for Design-Driven Field Research at Sea. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne & Nordby, Kjetil (2015). Designing for project collaboration in the maritime industry. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordby, Kjetil (2015). Distribute «Innovating multimodal and distributed interactions for human-centered, safe and adaptive health care systems». Full text in Research Archive
• Frydenberg, Synne Geirsdatter & Nordby, Kjetil (2024). Cultivating Serendipity in Design Complexity. Exploring Designs of Augmented Reality Technologies for Ship Bridges. Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. ISSN 9788254703700. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Designing augmented reality (AR) systems for ship bridges poses intricate challenges for interaction designers due to the unique complexities involved in working with this novel interaction material in a dynamic and unpredictable environment. The absence of established design precedents and guidelines for AR systems exacerbates these challenges, thereby reflecting a broader need for guidance in navigating the rapidly evolving digital landscape of interaction design. This thesis aims to explore and identify how design complexity can be effectively managed by introducing serendipity into the design process. Employing a research-by-design and research-into-design approach, this study utilises embedded case studies to contextualise design complexity within the specific context of designing AR technology for ship bridges. It develops conceptual frameworks, practical methods, tools, and approaches to illustrate how serendipity mechanisms and qualities can be cultivated and pragmatically integrated into the design process. Further, this research highlights that designing AR systems for ship bridges entails grappling with various complexities, including interconnected systems, unfamiliar environments, and the challenge of assessing efficiency, user experience, and situational awareness in highrisk domains. Limited research and practice in interaction design further emphasise the need for adaptable frameworks and establishment of design precedents. In this thesis, the navigation of design complexity is conceptualised through the deliberate cultivation of serendipity across different aspects of the design process. The case studies provide insights into an effective, pragmatic strategy that can be employed by interaction designers, stakeholders, and users in exploratory, practice-led design. This approach defines design complexity along two dimensions—design requirements and formgiving concerns—to support sensemaking and decision-making in a complex design landscape. Additionally, it conceptualises serendipity mechanisms, values, and qualities, thereby promoting attentiveness to serendipitous cues, recognition of patterns, seizing of opportunities, and creating of conducive conditions for serendipity. The outcomes of the case studies include conceptual frameworks and design exemplars that contribute to the development of design precedents and practical support for interaction designers working in the maritime domain. In addition, this research—conducted through design—also informs research in design by exploring how design complexity in real world cases are navigated and cultivated for serendipitous outcomes in various design processes. As the discipline of interaction design grapples with the challenges posed by novel interaction materials, including issues like unfamiliarity, technical complexity, and novel formgiving qualities, alongside the evolving digital ecosystem, there is a pressing need to establish new strategies for managing design complexity and harnessing the potential of unexpected discoveries. This thesis contributes to the ongoing evolution of interaction design by providing conceptual frameworks, practical tools, and design exemplars that not only describe but also contextualise the cultivation of serendipity within the complexities of real-world design scenarios, thereby empowering interaction designers to navigate the uncharted territories of emerging interaction materials and the everexpanding digital landscape.

• Gernez, Etienne & Nordby, Kjetil (2022). State of the art: software and technology innovations in real time collaborative media. OpenVR internal report. Ocean Industries Concept Lab. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Mallam, Steven & Nordby, Kjetil (2021). State of the Art: Virtual Reality-based interventions in ship design. OpenVR internal report. Ocean Industries Concept Lab. Full text in Research Archive
• Gernez, Etienne; Nordby, Kjetil & Lurås, Sigrun (2019). Human-centered, collaborative, field-driven ship design : implementing field studies for the design of ships in operation. Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. ISSN 9788254703199. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Current ship design processes have two main problems. First, the experiences of crew who operate ships are not included in the design process. This poses a problem because it limits the ability of ship designers to design ships and ship systems that can be safely and efficiently operated by the ship crew. This is important because design failures can lead to major accidents and inefficient operations. Second, collaboration between the different designers who participate in the process is not facilitated. This is a problem because it limits the ability of the participants to work across their respective disciplines. This is especially important in a complex and multidisciplinary process such as ship design. Human-centred design methods can help address these two problems. Coming from the traditions of human factors and ergonomics, industrial, and interaction design, these methods deal with the participation and collaboration of all users of a design process. In particular, ethnography-based methods such as field study observation and analysis can inform the design of ships from the perspective of how ship crew operate them. Such a human-centred perspective contrasts with the technology-centred perspective that dominates the maritime industry. The objective of this research is to introduce human-centred methods that are collaborative and field-driven, to be used by industrial and interaction designers, maritime engineers, and human factors and ergonomics experts in ship design processes. To integrate these methods, I work with the experimental introduction of human-centred methods in actual cases of ship design processes. I analyse the results in terms of what design activities were performed in the cases, and how they contributed to the ship design processes. To structure the analysis, I study the design activities that designers engage with during the design process. This experimental introduction of human-centred, collaborative, field-driven design methods in ship design processes results in the proposition of a design process that combines the human- and technology-centred perspectives and can be used for the design of ships and ship systems. In addition, I propose a framework that guides the collaboration of maritime engineers, human factors and ergonomics experts, and industrial and interaction designers. These different types of designers have different design goals, specialisation and skills. Specifically, they have a different command and understanding of human-centred design methods. The proposed framework helps connecting different ways to work with human-centred design. It also helps connecting them with technology-centred design activities and data. When experiencing and designing from the perspective of ship crew, ship designers can improve their ability to design ships and ship systems that are safe and efficient to operate. Further, the introduction of a human-centred perspective on ship operations gives ship designers the opportunity to focus on their own experience during the design process and improve how they collaborate with each other. As a result, the proposed process and framework have the potential to improve both the design process and its outcome.

• Gernez, Etienne; Nordby, Kjetil & Schaathun, Hans Georg (2019). ONSITE Project report: Design-driven field studies for safer demanding marine operations. Ocean Industries Concept Lab. ISSN 9788254703182. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ONSITE is a research project that builds knowledge on how to implement human-centred design processes within ship design. The project focuses specifically on a field study methodology and the transfer of knowledge between human-centred design and engineering disciplines.

• Mallam, Steven & Nordby, Kjetil (2018). Assessment of Current Maritime Bridge Design Regulations and Guidance. Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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